(Vietnamese_MFA_dictionary_v2_0_0a)=
# Vietnamese MFA dictionary v2.0.0a

``````{dictionary} Vietnamese MFA dictionary v2.0.0a
:id: "Vietnamese MFA dictionary v2_0_0a"
:tags: Vietnamese;MFA;IPA
:language: "Vietnamese"
:dialect: N/A
:layout: mfa
:template: dictionary_template
:phoneset: "MFA"
:license: "CC BY 4.0"

   ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/vietnamese/mfa/v2.0.0a/README.md
    :start-after: "## Dictionary details"
    :end-before: "## Installation"
   ```


   ```{admonition} Acoustic models
   * {ref}`vietnamese_mfa_acoustic_model_v2_0_0a`
   ```

``````

```{include} ../../../../dictionary/vietnamese/mfa/v2.0.0a/README.md
:start-after: "new)."
```

## IPA Charts

### Consonants

Obstruent symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced.

``````{list-table}
:header-rows: 1
:stub-columns: 1
:class: consonant_chart table-striped table-bordered

* - Manner
  - Labial
  - Labiodental
  - Alveolar
  - Retroflex
  - Palatal
  - Velar
  - Glottal
* - {manner}`Nasal`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * m
        * Occurrences: 1914
        * Examples
          * đụng: [ɗ   u ˨ ˩   ŋ m]
          * bấm: [ɓ   ə ˨ ˀ ˦   m]
          * gắm: [ɡ   a ˨ ˀ ˦   m]
          * khủng: [x   u ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * n
        * Occurrences: 1696
        * Examples
          * khần: [x   ə ˨ ˨   n]
          * tính: [t   ɨ ˨ ˀ ˦   n]
          * vẫn: [v   ə ˨ ˀ ˥   n]
          * nhũn: [ɲ   u ː ˨ ˀ ˥   n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ɲ
        * Occurrences: 698
        * Examples
          * nhép: [ɲ   ɛ ː ˦ ˥   p ̚]
          * xanh: [s   a ˨ ˨   ɲ]
          * đình: [ɗ   i ˨ ˨   ɲ]
          * nhờ: [ɲ   ə ː ˦ ˨]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * ŋ
        * Occurrences: 2873
        * Examples
          * ngạt: [ŋ   a ː ˨ ˩   k ̚]
          * trừng: [ʈ   ɨ ˦ ˨   ŋ]
          * tiểng: [t   i ː ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ]
          * giạng: [j   a ː ˨ ˩   ŋ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Stop` {submanner}`Plain`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * p
        * Occurrences: 27
        * Examples
          * tháp: [t ʰ   a ː ˦ ˥   p ̚]
          * cóc: [k   ɔ ˦ ˥   k p]
          * lụt: [l   u ˨ ˩   k p]
          * kịp: [k   i ˨ ˩   p ̚]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * t
        * Occurrences: 748
        * Examples
          * thú: [t ʰ   u ˨ ˀ ˦]
          * vượt: [v   ɨ ə ˨ ˩   t ̚]
          * chúng: [t ɕ   u ˨ ˦   ŋ m]
          * nhọt: [ɲ   ɔ ː ˨ ˩   t ̚]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʈ
        * Occurrences: 325
        * Examples
          * trân: [ʈ   ə ˨ ˥   ŋ]
          * trọi: [ʈ   ɔ ː ˨ ˩   j]
          * trạng: [ʈ   a ː ˨ ˩   ŋ]
          * trưa: [ʈ   ɨ ə ˨ ˥]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * c
        * Occurrences: 535
        * Examples
          * chàm: [c   a ː ˦ ˨   m]
          * chiêu: [c   i ː ˨ ˥   w]
          * chừa: [c   ɨ ə ˦ ˨]
          * chen: [c   ɛ ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * k
        * Occurrences: 883
        * Examples
          * dộc: [j   ɔ ˨ ˩   k p]
          * quảy: [k   w   a ˨ ˩ ˨   j]
          * tột: [t   o ˨ ˩   k ̚]
          * kẹo: [k   ɛ ː ˨ ˩   w]
    * voiced
      * ɡ
        * Occurrences: 257
        * Examples
          * gạt: [ɡ   a ː ˨ ˩   k ̚]
          * gạo: [ɡ   a ː ˨ ˩   w]
          * gầy: [ɡ   ə ˦ ˨   j]
          * ghìm: [ɡ   i ˦ ˨   m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * ʔ
        * Occurrences: 522
        * Examples
          * ướt: [ʔ   ɨ ː ˦ ˥   k ̚]
          * ủng: [ʔ   u ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ m]
          * ếch: [ʔ   ə ː ˦ ˥   t ̚]
          * ống: [ʔ   ɔ ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ m]
    ```
* - {submanner}`Implosive`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiced
      * ɓ
        * Occurrences: 756
        * Examples
          * bĩu: [ɓ   i ˨ ˨ ˀ   w]
          * beo: [ɓ   ɛ ː ˨ ˥   w]
          * bắn: [ɓ   a ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ]
          * bỗng: [ɓ   ɔ ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiced
      * ɗ
        * Occurrences: 719
        * Examples
          * đan: [ɗ   a ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
          * đón: [ɗ   ɔ ː ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ]
          * đày: [ɗ   a ˦ ˨   j]
          * đũng: [ɗ   u ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Affricate`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * tɕ
        * Occurrences: 409
        * Examples
          * chúi: [t ɕ   u ː ˨ ˦   j]
          * chúm: [t ɕ   u ː ˨ ˦   m]
          * chấp: [t ɕ   ə ˦ ˥   p ̚]
          * chí: [t ɕ   i ː ˨ ˦]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Sibilant`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * s
        * Occurrences: 945
        * Examples
          * xoang: [s   w   a ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
          * xạo: [s   a ː ˨ ˩   w]
          * soóc: [s   ɔ ː ˦ ˥   k ̚]
          * sanh: [s   a ˨ ˥   n]
    * voiced
      * z
        * Occurrences: 522
        * Examples
          * dát: [z   a ː ˦ ˥   t ̚]
          * rêu: [z   e ː ˨ ˨   w]
          * dãy: [z   a ˨ ˀ ˥   j]
          * dằm: [z   a ˨ ˨   m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Fricative`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * f
        * Occurrences: 340
        * Examples
          * phì: [f   i ˦ ˨]
          * phiến: [f   i ː ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ]
          * phơ: [f   ə ː ˨ ˥]
          * phông: [f   ɔ ˨ ˥   ŋ m]
    * voiced
      * v
        * Occurrences: 532
        * Examples
          * vài: [v   a ː ˦ ˨   j]
          * vạch: [v   a ˨ ˩   t ̚]
          * voọc: [v   ɔ ː ˨ ˩   k ̚]
          * viển: [v   i ː ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * voiceless
      * h
        * Occurrences: 750
        * Examples
          * hẻo: [h   ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ˀ   w]
          * hẳng: [h   a ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ]
          * hiệp: [h   i ː ˨ ˩   p ̚]
          * hầm: [h   ə ˦ ˨   m]
    ```
* - {manner}`Approximant`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * w
        * Occurrences: 2268
        * Examples
          * xoe: [s   w   ɛ ː ˨ ˥]
          * khuê: [x   w   e ː ˨ ˥]
          * suýt: [s   w   ɨ ˦ ˥   t ̚]
          * mấu: [m   ə ˨ ˀ ˦   w]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * j
        * Occurrences: 2367
        * Examples
          * gióc: [j   ɔ ˦ ˥   k p]
          * ngây: [ŋ   ə ˨ ˥   j]
          * chòi: [c   ɔ ː ˦ ˨   j]
          * dim: [j   i ˨ ˥   m]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Trill`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * r
        * Occurrences: 399
        * Examples
          * rộng: [r   ɔ ˨ ˩   ŋ m]
          * rụt: [r   u ˨ ˩   k p]
          * rầy: [r   ə ˦ ˨   j]
          * rầu: [r   ə ˦ ˨   w]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - {manner}`Lateral`
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * other
      * l
        * Occurrences: 843
        * Examples
          * lênh: [l   ə ː ˨ ˥   n]
          * loa: [l   w   a ː ˨ ˥]
          * lẩu: [l   ə ˨ ˨ ˀ   w]
          * lôi: [l   o ː ˨ ˥   j]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
``````


### Vowels

Vowel symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unrounded and those to the right are rounded.

``````{list-table}
:header-rows: 1
:stub-columns: 1
:class: vowel_chart table-striped table-bordered

* -
  - Front
  - Near-Front
  - Central
  - Near-Back
  - Back
* - Close
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * i
        * Occurrences: 560
        * Examples
          * thuỳ: [t ʰ   w   i ˨ ˩]
          * bính: [ɓ   i ˨ ˦   ɲ]
          * tĩnh: [t   i ˨ ˀ ˥   ɲ]
          * nhỉnh: [ɲ   i ˨ ˩ ˨   ɲ]
      * iː
        * Occurrences: 825
        * Examples
          * nhí: [ɲ   i ː ˨ ˦]
          * tuyền: [t   w   i ː ˦ ˨   ŋ]
          * duyên: [j   w   i ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
          * xỉu: [s   i ː ˨ ˩ ˨   w]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɨ
        * Occurrences: 801
        * Examples
          * ngự: [ŋ   ɨ ˨ ˩]
          * gìn: [j   ɨ ˦ ˨   n]
          * lửng: [l   ɨ ˨ ˩ ˨   ŋ]
          * hưng: [h   ɨ ˨ ˥   ŋ]
      * ɨː
        * Occurrences: 363
        * Examples
          * hường: [h   ɨ ː ˦ ˨   ŋ]
          * ưỡn: [ʔ   ɨ ː ˨ ˩ ˦   ŋ]
          * lượng: [l   ɨ ː ˨ ˩   ŋ]
          * khứ: [x   ɨ ː ˨ ˦]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * u
        * Occurrences: 720
        * Examples
          * thui: [t ʰ   u ˨ ˥   j]
          * tụng: [t   u ˨ ˩ ˀ   ŋ m]
          * dụm: [z   u ː ˨ ˩ ˀ   m]
          * túng: [t   u ˨ ˦   ŋ m]
      * uː
        * Occurrences: 473
        * Examples
          * buôn: [ɓ   u ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
          * búp: [ɓ   u ː ˦ ˥   p ̚]
          * chuốt: [c   u ː ˦ ˥   k ̚]
          * muông: [m   u ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Close-Mid
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * e
        * Occurrences: 39
        * Examples
          * xếch: [s   e ˦ ˥   c]
          * nhếch: [ɲ   e ˦ ˥   c]
          * vểnh: [v   e ˨ ˩ ˨   ɲ]
          * đếch: [ɗ   e ˦ ˥   c]
      * eː
        * Occurrences: 416
        * Examples
          * đểu: [ɗ   e ː ˨ ˩ ˨   w]
          * thuế: [t ʰ   w   e ː ˦ ˥]
          * thềm: [t ʰ   e ː ˦ ˨   m]
          * trê: [t ɕ   e ː ˨ ˨]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * o
        * Occurrences: 239
        * Examples
          * động: [ɗ   o ˨ ˩ ˀ   ŋ m]
          * vông: [v   o ˨ ˨   ŋ m]
          * chống: [t ɕ   o ˨ ˦   ŋ m]
          * rốn: [r   o ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ]
      * oː
        * Occurrences: 613
        * Examples
          * tối: [t   o ː ˨ ˦   j]
          * cỗi: [k   o ː ˨ ˩ ˦   j]
          * rối: [r   o ː ˨ ˀ ˦   j]
          * bồi: [ɓ   o ː ˦ ˨   j]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ə
        * Occurrences: 1219
        * Examples
          * vỉa: [v   i ə ˨ ˨ ˀ]
          * điếng: [ɗ   i ə ˨ ˦   ŋ]
          * gây: [ɡ   ə ˨ ˥   j]
          * dẫu: [j   ə ˨ ˩ ˦   w]
      * əː
        * Occurrences: 861
        * Examples
          * dờn: [z   ə ː ˨ ˨   n]
          * sệt: [s   ə ː ˨ ˩   t ̚]
          * tới: [t   ə ː ˨ ˀ ˦   j]
          * đến: [ɗ   ə ː ˦ ˥   n]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Open-Mid
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * ɛ
        * Occurrences: 0
        * Examples
          * hẻo: [h   ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ˀ   w]
          * men: [m   ɛ ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
          * đem: [ɗ   ɛ ː ˨ ˥   m]
          * que: [w   ɛ ː ˨ ˥]
      * ɛː
        * Occurrences: 876
        * Examples
          * trẻo: [t ɕ   ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˨   w]
          * kẽm: [k   ɛ ː ˨ ˨ ˀ   m]
          * đèo: [ɗ   ɛ ː ˦ ˨   w]
          * lẹo: [l   ɛ ː ˨ ˩ ˀ   w]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * rounded
      * ɔ
        * Occurrences: 461
        * Examples
          * bống: [ɓ   ɔ ˦ ˥   ŋ m]
          * khổng: [x   ɔ ˨ ˨ ˀ   ŋ m]
          * chống: [c   ɔ ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ m]
          * thọc: [t ʰ   ɔ ˨ ˩ ˨   k p]
      * ɔː
        * Occurrences: 770
        * Examples
          * cọp: [k   ɔ ː ˨ ˩   p ̚]
          * gọt: [ɡ   ɔ ː ˨ ˩ ˨   k ̚]
          * thọt: [t ʰ   ɔ ː ˨ ˩   k ̚]
          * đón: [ɗ   ɔ ː ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ]
    ```
* -
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
* - Open
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    * unrounded
      * a
        * Occurrences: 1339
        * Examples
          * gán: [ɡ   a ː ˨ ˀ ˦   ŋ]
          * oẳng: [w   a ˨ ˩ ˨   ŋ]
          * đắc: [ɗ   a ˦ ˥   k ̚]
          * gánh: [ɡ   a ˨ ˀ ˦   n]
      * aː
        * Occurrences: 2215
        * Examples
          * lảo: [l   a ː ˨ ˩ ˨   w]
          * thán: [t ʰ   a ː ˦ ˥   ŋ]
          * ngàng: [ŋ   a ː ˦ ˨   ŋ]
          * thang: [t ʰ   a ː ˨ ˥   ŋ]
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
  - ```{ipa_cell}
    ```
``````


#### Diphthongs

* {ipa_inline}`iə`
* {ipa_inline}`uə`
* {ipa_inline}`ɨə`

#### Tones

* {ipa_inline}`˦˥`
* {ipa_inline}`˦˨`
* {ipa_inline}`˨ˀ˥`
* {ipa_inline}`˨ˀ˦`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˥`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˦`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˨`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˨ˀ`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˩`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˩ˀ`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˩˦`
* {ipa_inline}`˨˩˨`